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北语句法结构树库发布！2万中文句法树免费供给科研用途下载！

BCC最新更新：开辟了对话频道，其中语料库规模约5亿汉字，语料中过滤了敏感词及话题。

北京语言大学语言智能研究院成立

2019-06-17

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《北京语言大学汉语句法结构树库1.0使用登记表单》

简述科研目的、用途

北京语言大学汉语句法结构树库 1.0

数据申领使用协议

甲方：北京语言大学

乙方：数据下载人（单位）

为加强数据管理，促进学术交流，北京语言大学语言智能研究院制定本协议。

一、乙方为北京语言大学汉语句法结构树库1.0（后称“本数据”）的申领人（单位），以及使用和保管该数据的单位。本数据版权归属北京语言大学。

二、乙方已被告知并承诺按照本协议和相关法律法规规章，对本数据依规进行管理和使用。

三、甲乙双方必须对有关合作的事项及内容进行保密，未经双方同意,不得向甲乙方以外的任何第三方透露。

四、乙方作为本数据使用者，不得擅自复制、转让或转借所获取数据，未经甲方书面许可，乙方不得以任何形式向第三方提供本数据。

五、不得将所获取数据用于任何非学术研究用途。

六、学术研究之外用途需联系甲方协商获得书面授权。

七、乙方在使用本数据所取得成果的显著位置，注明本数据为“北京语言大学汉语句法结构树库1.0（BLCU Syntax Treebank 1.0）”，数据版权所有者为“北京语言大学（Beijing Language and Culture University）”。

八、甲乙双方必须严格遵守本协议书的条款,违约者须承担由此造成的一切法律后果。

九、填写《北京语言大学汉语句法结构树库1.0使用登记表单》即视为同意本协议内容。

十、本协议最终解释权归北京语言大学所有。

北京语言大学

2019年12月10日

我同意 《北京语言大学汉语句法结构树库1.0 - 数据申领使用协议》

点击下载

发表与出版，请引用：荀恩东, 饶高琦, 肖晓悦, 臧娇娇. 大数据背景下BCC语料库的研制[J]，语料库语言学，2016(1).

北京语言大学语言智能研究院

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BCC语料库 | 世界语言资源平台

BCC语料库 | 世界语言资源平台

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BCC语料库

发表于

2018-03-07

提供者：肖丹、马路遥

一、资源名称

BCC语料库

二、链接

BCC语料库

三、简介北京语言大学语料库中心（BLCU Corpus Center，简称BCC）是以汉语为主、兼有英语和法语的在线语料库，是服务语言本体研究和语言应用研究的在线大数据系统。BCC语料库总字数约 150 亿字，包括报刊（20 亿）、文学（30 亿）、微博（30 亿）、科技（30 亿）、综合（10 亿）和古汉语（20 亿）等多领域语料，是可以全面反映当今社会语言生活的大规模语料库。BCC语料库具有数据量大、领域广和检索便捷等优点。目前，已经支持了百余篇论文的发表。

以汉语为主，兼有其他语种的语言大数据；

为语言本体研究提供在线检索系统；

为语言本体研究提供建构大数据的语言应用平台；

支持云服务；

通过API调用方式为开展知识抽取、模型构建提供便利。

四、教程（1）在线检索

统计BCC检索式中可以包含词性或短语类型，也可以带通配符。enter description here

筛选提供二次检索的功能，即在现有的返回结果中保留或者剔除符合检索式的语料实例，得到二次结果。

下载下载检索或统计结果

高级可以设置返回结果的显示形式；可以随机生成实例，如设定上下文显示字数，设定是否以句形式显示结果。enter description here

全文点击该按钮可以查看检索实例更多的上下文。enter description here

（2）BCC检索式

汉字串（或者词串）enter description here

属性符号enter description here

通配符“.”、“@”、“~”enter description here

集合符号“[]”enter description here

离合符号“*”

属性约束符号“/”enter description here

空格或者“+”

（3）检索功能

检索式用户可以在搜索栏中输入检索式，点击“搜索”，进行查询。BCC检索式由字、词和语法标记等单元组成，并且支持通配符和离合查询。

词性符号 ：输入词性符号，可按照词性符号进行检索。BCC中汉语语料库采用北京大学的词性体系，英语语料库采用美国宾州大学的词性体系。空格 ：隔开2个词性符号. ：表示一个字符~ ：表示一个词* ：用于检索离合的语言片段，例，洗*澡，符合检索式的实例可为“洗一个痛快澡”、“洗一个舒服澡”等。/ ：限制/前的连续串是具有某种词性的词，例，../v ，表示双音节动词。

检索设置点击“多领域”，检索结果将包含报刊、微博等全部领域的检索结果。用户也可以选择在某一领域中检索。选择“自定义”，可以进一步细化某一领域的检索范围，例如，检索范围可细化到文学领域下的《红楼梦》（仅限平台提供的语料）。

历时检索在搜索栏输入字符串，可返回该字符串在历年语料中的频次。结果以图表形式呈现，用户可下载。

检索结果处理每条检索结果包含符合检索式的实例以及上下文信息，用户可以再次基础上进行统计并下载相关结果。

统计选择“统计”，可对语料中检索式描述的实例进行统计，用户可以下载统计结果。

筛选选择“筛选”，在弹出窗口中输入某一字符串，选择“保留”或者“排除”，可以返回保留或者排除初次检索结果中含有该字符串的检索结果。

下载选择“下载”，用户可以下载1000条检索结果。

高级选择“高级”，用户可以设置上下文字数、显示顺序等。

（4）对比功能 进入“对比”功能，选择“单一来源”，可返回2个检索式在某一领域中的查询结果，结果以词云形式呈现。检索领域可以由用户自定义。 选择“两个来源”，可返回1个检索式在2个不同领域中的检索结果，结果以词云形式呈现。

五、相关论文（1）荀恩东 饶高奇 肖晓悦 臧娇娇. 大数据背景下BCC语料库的研制[J].语料库语言学,2016.

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1. 一、资源名称2. 二、链接3. 三、简介4. 四、教程4.1. （1）在线检索4.2. （2）BCC检索式4.3. （3）检索功能4.4. （4）对比功能5. 五、相关论文

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写邮件时，BCC一个人是什么原因？表示什么意思？ - 知乎

写邮件时，BCC一个人是什么原因？表示什么意思？ - 知乎首页知乎知学堂发现等你来答​切换模式登录/注册职场情商电子邮件同事相处职场心理写邮件时，BCC一个人是什么原因？表示什么意思？职场心理，情商问题关注者10被浏览80,136关注问题​写回答​邀请回答​好问题​添加评论​分享​9 个回答默认排序知乎用户最常见的是发PR稿，为了偷懒的同时保密自己的媒体list，不暴露都发给了哪些媒体，不过现在很多邮箱有了单独显示收件人的功能，很好用，更显得尊重媒体。其他估计最多的也应该是差不多性质，就是同样内容偷懒群发又不想暴露都发给谁了。再有就是有时交代任务会要求下属发一些邮件时暗送自己，以便了解下属工作进度和邮件沟通能力其他的，估计就是打小报告用了。发布于 2017-01-24 07:48​赞同 1​​1 条评论​分享​收藏​喜欢收起​知乎用户​地铁等 2 个话题下的优秀答主坐标法国，学校对家长的通知一般通过电邮完成基本操就是邮件列表到bcc，家长之间的邮件地址是互相保密的。发布于 2020-11-26 16:33​赞同 4​​添加评论​分享​收藏​喜欢

你问我答-你知道‘Cc’和‘Bcc’到底代表什么意思吗？ - 知乎

你问我答-你知道‘Cc’和‘Bcc’到底代表什么意思吗？ - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册你问我答-你知道‘Cc’和‘Bcc’到底代表什么意思吗？译锐翻译Daisy为客户提供有价值的翻译Anyone who spends a fair amount of time sending and/or receiving emails is no doubt familiar with the initialisms cc and bcc. If you’re not, here’s a brief overview of how they’re used.任何需要花大量时间收发电子邮件的人都对缩略词cc和bcc 不陌生。如果你还不熟悉，那么本文会简单介绍一下这两个缩略词的含义。Say you’re emailing Betty to tell her that you and your partner will attend her upcoming picnic, and you also want your partner to know that you’ve RSVP’ed. So you enter Betty’s email address in the ‘To’ box and your partner’s email address in the ‘Cc’ box. That way, your partner will receive the message, too, without feeling obligated to respond. In other words, the cc often functions as an FYI of sorts.假如你准备给Betty发邮件，告诉她你和你的朋友将参加她安排的野餐，同时你也希望你的朋友知道你回复的这封邮件。那么，你可以在‘To’一栏输入Betty的邮件地址，然后在‘Cc’一栏输入朋友的邮件地址。这样，你的朋友就会收到这封邮件而且无需回复。换句话说，cc的作用相当于供你参考/参阅。But let’s pretend Betty has a weird obsession with sending chain emails, and you know your partner’s email address will end up on her list if you cc them here. So you enter their email address in the ‘Bcc’ box, instead. They’ll receive your message, but Betty won’t be able to see that you included them. 现在，让我们假设，Betty有发“连环”邮件的怪癖，而且你知道，如果你在cc一栏输入自己朋友的邮件地址后，Betty也会将你朋友的邮件地址加入自己的联系人清单。那么，你则在‘Bcc’一栏输入朋友的邮件地址。你的朋友们还是会收到信息，但是Betty却无法看到这些收件人。What Do Cc and Bcc Stand For?那么Cc和Bcc到底代表什么？If you’ve heard your coworkers talk about “copying” each other on emails, you can probably guess what one of the c’s in cc stands for. The full phrase is carbon copy, and it predated the arrival of email by decades. 如果你曾经听到同事们谈论在邮件中相互“复制”对方，那么你肯定能猜出其中一个c的含义。Cc的全称为复写（carbon copy），复写要比电子邮件早几十年出现。At least as far back as the late 19th century, people would insert special carbon paper between sheets of regular paper in their typewriters, allowing them to duplicate a document without typing it multiple times. Eventually, it became common practice to list the recipients of copies next to c.c. so everyone would know who else had read it. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known reference to the abbreviation is from a 1936 secretarial handbook—so it was probably in play sometime before then.早在19世纪末，人们会在打印机的两张纸中间加上一张特殊的复写纸，这样不需要多次打字就可以复制文件。最后，将复本收件人放在c.c.一栏，人们就会知道还有谁会收到这一邮件。根据《牛津英语词典》的解释，第一次提到这个缩写是在1936年的一本秘书手册中-所以，这个缩写很可能在这之前就开始使用了。Bcc stands for blind carbon copy (an offshoot of the slightly older phrase blind copy). Just like with today’s email versions, the original letter of a blind carbon copy wouldn’t feature a section that named other recipients, so the primary recipient wouldn’t know any copies had been sent.Bcc代表密件抄送（一个更加古老的短语“秘密抄送”的衍生物）。和今天的电子邮件一样，密件抄送复本的原始文件不会列出其他收件人的名字，因此主收件人不知道已经发送了任何副本。These days, courtesy copy is sometimes cited as the expression behind cc, rather than carbon copy. While it may not be historically accurate, it is a pretty apt alternative for a custom that no longer involves actual carbon paper.如今，cc有时会用抄送件（courtesy copy而不是carbon copy）来表示。尽管从历史角度看可能不太正确，但是由于这一惯例不再涉及实际的复写纸，所以这算是一个非常恰当的替代表达。原文来源：Mental Floss编辑：上海译锐翻译编辑于 2022-09-16 11:48电子邮件​赞同 2​​添加评论​分享​喜欢​收藏​申请

英文邮件中的CC、BCC、TBD、EOD、COB都是什么意思？ - 知乎

英文邮件中的CC、BCC、TBD、EOD、COB都是什么意思？ - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册英文邮件中的CC、BCC、TBD、EOD、COB都是什么意思？zhyuanr我们总是会使用一些英文的缩写就连讲话的时候也难免会夹带些在工作中经常听到这样的对话：“给客户的邮件记得CC我，BCC给财务，告诉客户合同签订时间还TBD。” But…… CC, BCC, TBD到底是什么意思？CC = carbon copy：抄送BCC = Blind carbon copy：是指隐秘抄送 当你给收信人发邮件时，希望另一方也知晓此事，就需要CC给他。而BCC（Blind Carbon Copy）是指隐秘抄送，这样的话，收件人不会知道还有其它接收者的存在。FYI = for your information：供你参考FYR = for your reference：供你参考邮件正文中我们常用FYI来提醒收信人下面的内容与你有关，供你参考。如果在协助同事工作的时候只需要你提供一份文件正文没有特别要写的就可以附上：FYI/FYRTBD = to be determined：待定，待商议 发出会议邀请或告知行程的时候，如果地点或者时间还没有最终确定，可以写上TBD，告诉对方确定后会另行通知。EOD = end of the day 一般是指今天结束，也就是下班之前。COB = close of the business这两个词都是指下班前。需要催促某人在下班前给到回复的时候可以用用它们。例：Please let me know your thoughts COB today.请在今天下班前让我知道你们的决定。OT=overtime 这是大家最不想面对的事情：加班FW=forward ：是指“转发”Re=reply ：回复Follow up　　这句话不能从字面来理解，它的意思其实是指需要把一些，相关的人员加进来一起讨论，有点类似@的用法。follow up 跟进To do list 工作清单Keep you informed 有新的消息会告知大家的，随时通知你Work from home 在家办公work away from home 在外工作Between us 就是只有你和我知道 所以如果上级跟你讲了这句话，要记得守住你们的“秘密”喔！Join the con-call con-call是conference call的缩写 就是指电话会议Keep an eye on it 密切关注一下我们在WeChat和QQ里闲聊时，也常会用一些缩写：发布于 2021-05-17 15:15英语缩写tbd电子邮件​赞同 39​​添加评论​分享​喜欢​收藏​申请

什么是邮件的cc和bcc？电子邮件基础小课堂 - 知乎

什么是邮件的cc和bcc？电子邮件基础小课堂 - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册什么是邮件的cc和bcc？电子邮件基础小课堂知乎用户9Yltjm​翻译专业资格证持证人一般我们发电子邮件的时候，有三个发送地址选项，分别是「To」、「cc」和「bcc」。「To」就是收件人，「cc」是抄送，「bcc」是密送。通常发信的情况，收件人写在To里即可。同时给多人发信时，如果收信人互相认识的话，也可以都写在To里。如果是一封信需要发给A，但同时需要B知晓的话，则是To给A，cc给B。好了重点来了：如果群发一封邮件，但是收信人之间互相不认识的话。这时候一旦用To群发，就会让所有的收件人互相知道有谁收到了同样的邮件。一般的信息还无所谓，但比如“奖学金申请结果”等隐私信息，就千万不能用To。这时候的做法是，To给自己，然后把所有的收件人放在bcc里。这样收件人互相不知道还有谁收到了邮件，保证通信的隐私。利用电子邮件函授、毕业生的通讯等一般都采用bcc的方式。大家也可以参考日文的说明：https://flets-w.com/chienetta/communication/cb_mail08.html一个例子：我的母校的毕业生通讯，收件人是空，我是被密送（bcc）的。番外1：日本人常用邮件列表（mailing list）功能。如果你被加入了邮件列表，想要回复别人的信件时，一定要注意是回复给了某个人，还是所有人。如果回复给了所有人，那么全体成员都会看到你的邮件。我就曾犯下大错。番外2：压缩文件不要用rar。由于历史遗留原因，rar曾经在国内特别流行。但国际上不通用rar格式。如需压缩尽量选择zip格式。发布于 2022-07-08 15:35电子邮件电子邮箱日语​赞同 1​​添加评论​分享​喜欢​收藏​申请

BCC Email: Meaning and Best Practice | Grammarly

BCC Email: Meaning and Best Practice | Grammarly

Grammarly HomeProductLearnFeaturesProduct DemoTrust & SecurityDownloadDesktopMobileBrowserWorkBy Team SizeEnterpriseTeams & BusinessesIndividualsBy Team FunctionCustomer SupportMarketingITSalesHREducationStudentsInstitutionsPricingResourcesLearnBlogCustomer StoriesBusiness Events & ReportsEducation Events & ReportsSupport CenterToolsAI Writing ToolsGrammar CheckerPlagiarism CheckerParaphrasing ToolContact SalesLog inGet GrammarlyIt's freeGrammarly HomeProductLearnFeaturesProduct DemoTrust & SecurityDownloadDesktopMobileBrowserWorkBy Team SizeEnterpriseTeams & BusinessesIndividualsBy Team FunctionCustomer SupportMarketingITSalesHREducationStudentsInstitutionsPricingResourcesLearnBlogCustomer StoriesBusiness Events & ReportsEducation Events & ReportsSupport CenterToolsAI Writing ToolsGrammar CheckerPlagiarism CheckerParaphrasing ToolGet GrammarlyIt's freeContact SalesLog inGrammarly Blog HomeWritingWriting TipsGrammarStudentsProfessionalsLifestyleProductCompanyGrammarly HomeWritingWriting TipsGrammarStudentsProfessionalsLifestyleProductCompanyGet GrammarlyIt's freeContact SalesLog inBCC In Emails: What it Means and How to Use it.Rachel MeltzerUpdated on January 22, 2024ProfessionalsWriting Tips“Bcc” is a way to send people a copy of an email while keeping their email addresses hidden from the rest of the recipients.

Understanding bcc is part of basic email etiquette. While you might not use the bcc function often, it’s good to know how to use it, when to use it, and when not to use it.

Consider this your complete guide to using bcc in an email. We’ll look at how bcc came to be and share the best ways to use it. Open your email, and let’s dive in!

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Table of contents

What is bcc in an email?

When is BCC in an email used?

Where to find bcc when sending an email

Bcc in email examples

Bcc in email FAQs

What is bcc in an email?

“Bcc” stands for blind carbon copy. It’s similar to carbon copy (cc), which sends a copy of your email to anyone you add to the cc field in your email provider. Bcc sends a copy of your email to anyone in the bcc field but hides their email address from all other recipients. Bcc recipients won’t be able to use the reply-all function. No one who receives the email can see bcc recipients, and bcc recipients can’t see each other either.

Where did the term blind carbon copy come from? Before we used email, we used paper letters. When someone sent a letter to multiple people or kept a record of the letter for their files, senders used carbon paper to create a copy of the letter as they wrote it.

The result was called a carbon copy. Later, with the invention of email, carbon copy was abbreviated for the digital age to cc. Along with cc, email providers added bcc. The term “blind” within bcc refers to the fact that no one can see who’s bcc’d on an email, including other bcc’d recipients. Only the person who sent the email will know who was bcc’d.

You cannot send an email with only bcc’d recipients. An email address must be listed in the “to” field. To get around this, you can put your own email as the recipient. The same is true of the cc function.

When is bcc in an email used?

In general, if you don’t need to protect privacy, send an email to a large list of people, or copy someone on an email, you probably won’t need to use bcc. If you’re unsure whether you should use bcc, here are three ways you can use it and three ways you shouldn’t.

When should I use bcc in an email?

To send a mass message: Whether you’re sending an email to family, friends, or your larger workplace, putting everyone in the bcc field will make it look like you’ve sent the email specifically to them. 

For privacy purposes: If you want to conceal someone’s contact information, or you don’t want recipients to know that you’ve shared the email with someone else, you can use the bcc field. You might include HR or your boss on an email for a paper trail or networking purposes. Be careful using it in this instance though. If you haven’t been told specifically that you need to do this, you should probably avoid it.

To reduce lengthy email threads: If you’re sending a mass email or want to avoid a bunch of replies, putting everyone in the bcc field avoids both annoyances.

When should I not use bcc in an email?

The only thing worse than using tired phrases like “just following up . . .” is misusing bcc. We’ve rounded up the top three ways you shouldn’t use bcc, which might help you avoid embarrassing email mistakes.

To make someone look bad: It’s inappropriate to bcc someone’s manager on an email to get them in trouble or make them look bad. There are professional ways to handle a situation like this. 

To eavesdrop: Bcc’ing someone on an email so they can eavesdrop is also bad email etiquette. It can lead to serious consequences, especially in work and academic settings.

To avoid transparency: Using bcc to avoid being transparent is passive-aggressive communication. There are better and more direct ways to communicate your needs.

Where to find bcc when sending an email

The bcc function is located in a different place on each email service provider’s platform, but it’s usually just below or to the right of the “to” field. Some email providers hide the cc and bcc fields, so you may have to search for them the first time you want to use them.

Bcc in email examples

Here are three examples of scenarios when you may want to use the bcc feature.

1

You’re sending an invitation to a big party

You want to invite thirty friends and family members to a party, but you don’t want it to turn into a long email chain where everyone receives all the replies and responses—use the bcc field to add all your invitees’ email addresses. You might cc your partner or co-host and put your email address in the “to” field. You’ll get a copy of your email, and so will all your guests. Those who are invited will see that the email was sent to them and whomever you cc’d.

2

Your manager asks you to contact an external account

Perhaps your manager has asked you to send an email to a client whom they’ve handed off to you. In your first email to your new client, you may want to bcc your manager. In this instance, they’ll see exactly how you’ve reached out to the client, as well as any necessary information relating to the client’s transition.

3

Your coworker virtually introduces you to a new connection

In some instances, you may use email for networking. Your coworker could introduce you to a mentor by cc’ing you in an email sent to their address. You can move your coworker to the bcc field when you reply to the email. That way, your email chain becomes just you and the contact, but your coworker can see you’ve taken action on the email. Plus, your coworker’s inbox won’t fill up with your conversation with the contact.

Bcc in email FAQs

What does “bcc” in an email mean?

“Bcc” in an email means blind carbon copy. Bcc’ing someone on an email sends them a copy of the email but conceals their email address from all other recipients. It also removes the reply-all feature.

How does bcc in an email work?

To bcc someone in an email, add them to the bcc field when composing a new email, replying to an email you received, or forwarding an existing email within your email provider. Anyone in the bcc field will receive a copy of the email, but bcc will hide their email address from all other recipients, and they won’t be able to reply to everyone who received the email.

When should you use bcc in an email?

You should use bcc to send mass emails, conceal someone’s email address, or remove the reply-all feature. You should use it sparingly at work and ensure you’ve read up on email etiquette before you do.

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BCC For Email: What it Means and When to Use it

BCC For Email: What it Means and When to Use it

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BCC For Email: What it Means and When to Use it

by Jayson DeMers | 8 comments

TweetShare1ShareI wrote a guide on using CC in email, including what it is, how to use it, and the proper etiquette for using it. As a follow-up, in this article I’ll do a deep dive on BCC for email, the close cousin of CC.

Frequently mistaken for each other, CC and BCC functions are two entirely different features, and it’s important to understand the differences. So what is BCC in email, how is it different from CC, and when should you use it?

Table of ContentsBCC vs CCWhat Does BCC Mean?Accessing BCC in EmailWhen to Use BCC Instead of To or CCInappropriate Uses for BCCMitigating Risk With BCCRelated posts:

BCC vs CC

We’ll start with a refresher on CC. CC is the “carbon copy” function found in every standard email platform, including Gmail, and it’s used to send a copy of the email to someone other than the primary recipients in the “To” field.

CC is usually used when you want to bring someone in the loop without expecting a response from them, or when you want to introduce new people.

What Does BCC Mean?

BCC means “blind carbon copy,” and it shares some commonalities with CC. If you include a person’s email address in the BCC field, they’ll receive a copy of the email in their inbox as if they were CC’d.

The difference is, their email address won’t be displayed to the other people on the email chain; and as a result of this, they won’t receive subsequent Reply or Reply All messages from other people in the thread. Note that BCC recipients cannot see each other either. Think of it as a stealth mode CC.

Accessing BCC in Email

If you’re using Gmail, BCC is easy to find. To the right of the “To” line of an email draft, you’ll find options for CC and BCC. Click either one (or both) to bring up new lines, and include email addresses as relevant there before sending your email.

If you’re using Outlook, CC will be available by default, and you’ll have to click BCC (to the right of the To field) to add a line for it.

When to Use BCC Instead of To or CC

The To field is for all your primary recipients; these are the people for whom the message was originally intended, and you’ll likely expect a response from this group.

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The CC field is for all the people who should see the message, and whose email addresses can and should be seen by the group; it’s also helpful if you want these people to get future Reply All messages to this email thread.

So why would you use BCC instead of either of these fields?

There are a few situations that might call for it:

Mass messaging. Let’s say you’re sending an email to a large group of people, all at once, like an invitation to an event. These people may or may not know each other, and you certainly don’t want these recipients to mindlessly hit Reply All and send a notification to dozens of individuals on the list. Using BCC not only protects the privacy of your guests, but also prevents any Reply All-related mishaps.

Maintaining privacy. BCC could also be useful for copying someone if you want to maintain their privacy. For example, let’s say you’re networking and you’d like your boss to see your initial message. However, you don’t want this new contact to have your boss’s contact information. BCCing your boss will keep them in the loop without accidentally revealing their information to the new person.

Sparing someone from a lengthy thread. Because BCC protects a person from the threat of future Reply All messages, it’s a great way to keep someone copied while sparing them the confusion and annoyance of further responses. If you’re introducing a conversational topic and you want someone to know that the conversation has begun—but you don’t want them wrapped up in the thread that’s about to follow—consider BCCing them.

Inappropriate Uses for BCC

That said, BCC can be misused in a number of ways. If you think about it, the BCC field is inherently dishonest; you’re letting people see a message without other people knowing about it. It’s almost like letting someone listen into a speakerphone call without letting the other person know about it.

Accordingly, there are many examples of misusing the BCC feature:

Copying up. Copying up is a problem with CC, and it’s an even bigger problem when you use BCC. It’s simply unprofessional. The basic idea is including someone’s boss or supervisor in the CC field as a way to make them look bad. For example, you might point out a mistake they made or a professional fault of theirs so their boss will reprimand them. BCCing doesn’t make this any better; you’re still being petty, and the boss will still see you as spiteful. Again, if there’s a big enough issue that you need someone higher up to get involved, contact them directly and be straightforward and polite about it.

Including an inappropriate eavesdropper. It’s also a bad idea to use BCC as a way to clue someone into something they have no business seeing. An egregious example of this would be copying someone outside the company on a professional matter relevant to the company, to give them insider information. But a softer example would be BCCing a friend on a reference letter you’ve written to their prospective employer. This is both unprofessional and risky; remember, even though the BCC’d person won’t receive replies, they can still Reply All to the thread. If they do, their email address will be revealed, and the original recipient will see that you BCC’d this person initially. It’s an awkward mess that nobody wants to deal with, so consider avoiding it altogether.

Operating without transparency. BCC is also a problem if you’re using it to circumvent the norms of transparency. If you’re being disingenuous, or if you’re intentionally hiding your professional practices, BCCing people to further your deceit is a way of worsening your ethical breach.

Ask yourself why you’re trying to hide someone’s information. Is this merely to protect the person you’re BCCing? Or are you trying to get away with something deceitful? Be honest, and try not to use the BCC field for sneaky, fraudulent, or insincere purposes.

Mitigating Risk With BCC

If you absolutely must share a message with someone, you can mitigate the risks you face by including them in the To or CC field by, instead, simply forwarding them a copy of the message later. That way, they can’t accidentally Reply All to the message. It still resides in some ethically ambiguous territory, but it should at least protect you from the potential awkwardness of an errant Reply All.

Overall, BCC isn’t a super great or useful feature, and there are more ways to misuse it than to use it appropriately and productively. If you must use BCC in email, use it with caution, and make sure you’re implementing it with respect to all parties involved.

If you’re interested in learning more about your own email habits, or improving your email productivity, you’ll need more than better etiquette standards to do it. You need a tool like EmailAnalytics, which is designed to help you understand your email patterns, including the number of emails you send per day, your average response times, and the average length of your email threads. Sign up for a free trial today, and start learning how you can improve!

Related posts:How to Add a GIF to an Email21 Problems with Email that Everyone Can Relate ToHow to End a Professional Email (+11 Best Email Closings)Jayson DeMersJayson is a long-time columnist for Forbes, Entrepreneur, BusinessInsider, Inc.com, and various other major media publications, where he has authored over 1,000 articles since 2012, covering technology, marketing, and entrepreneurship. He keynoted the 2013 MarketingProfs University, and won the “Entrepreneur Blogger of the Year” award in 2015 from the Oxford Center for Entrepreneurs. In 2010, he founded a marketing agency that appeared on the Inc. 5000 before selling it in January of 2019, and he is now the CEO of EmailAnalytics.

TweetShare1Share

8 Comments

Laura Nolan

on 06/09/2021 at 5:35 am

Thank you for explaining to us dinosaurs.

Reply

Mei

on 12/22/2022 at 6:38 am

Haha agreed

Reply

Jon

on 12/21/2021 at 12:56 pm

I have always thought that a highly relevant reason for using bcc is to prevent large numbers of email addresses being accessed by scammers. If a scammer has hacked the computer of one of the recipients, he/she can copy all of the recipient addresses and use them for scams or sell them to scammers. I have looked for this issue on the web, but haven’t found anything. Do you think it is a risk or riskless?

Reply

Philip Hassall

on 03/07/2022 at 9:39 pm

That is exactly what I believe.

Reply

J.J.

on 01/19/2022 at 2:45 pm

I have been using email for literal decades. I’ve even used CC. It occurred to me today that I did not know what BCC meant due to being asked about it in an assessment. Thank you for enlightening me!

Reply

Ninos

on 03/06/2022 at 8:18 pm

Hey Jayson DeMers!

Very nice post, much appreciated. Great examples and many tips (mostly when not to use BCC since many people really use it the wrong way). God job!

Keep up the good work!

Reply

Mei

on 12/22/2022 at 6:37 am

I like this, could we add how to have a person in the “to” field when you BCC? Or if you have one email in the “to” they are part of the BCC?

Reply

Nick Watters

on 02/18/2023 at 2:29 pm

Good info, which is what I cam here for. However, on a pedantic note, cc does not mean “carbon copy.” “C” means copy, he repeated c means “copies” as pp means pages (or ff means following pages) in old-style notation.

Reply

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BCC模式及其开展的CMIP6试验介绍

BCC模式及其开展的CMIP6试验介绍

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English

气候变化研究进展, 2019, 15(5): 533-539 doi: 10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2019.039

第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）评述及中国贡献专栏

BCC模式及其开展的CMIP6试验介绍

辛晓歌, 吴统文, 张洁, 张芳, 李伟平, 张艳武, 路屹雄, 房永杰, 颉卫华, 张莉, 董敏, 史学丽, 李江龙, 储敏, 刘茜霞, 颜京辉

中国气象局国家气候中心,北京 100081

Introduction of BCC models and its participation in CMIP6

XIN Xiao-Ge, WU Tong-Wen, ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Fang, LI Wei-Ping, ZHANG Yan-Wu, LU Yi-Xiong, FANG Yong-Jie, JIE Wei-Hua, ZHANG Li, DONG Min, SHI Xue-Li, LI Jiang-Long, CHU Min, LIU Qian-Xia, YAN Jing-Hui

National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China

收稿日期: 2019-02-27  

修回日期: 2019-03-27  

网络出版日期: 2019-09-30

基金资助:

国家重点研究计划.  2016YFA0602100国家重点研究计划.  2016YFE0102400

Received: 2019-02-27  

Revised: 2019-03-27  

Online: 2019-09-30

作者简介 About authors

辛晓歌,女,正研级高工,xinxg@cma.gov.cn

。

摘要

世界气候研究计划（WCRP）正在组织实施第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6),国家气候中心作为参与单位之一,通过近几年的模式研发,推出3个最新模式版本参与该计划,包括含有气溶胶化学模块的地球系统模式BCC-ESM1.0、中等分辨率气候模式BCC-CSM2-MR和高分辨率气候模式BCC-CSM2-HR。除了CMIP6中的气候诊断、评估和描述试验（DECK）和历史气候模拟试验（Historical),这3个模式共将参与CMIP6中的10个模式比较子计划。文中主要介绍这3个模式的基本情况以及所开展的CMIP试验,并对BCC-CSM2-MR模式的Historical试验结果进行简要评估,为试验数据使用者提供参考。

关键词：

BCC

;

BCC-CSM

;

BCC-ESM

;

CMIP6

;

气候系统模式

;

地球系统模式

Abstract

CMIP6 is being organized by the World Climate Research Project (WCRP). As one of the institutes participating in the CMIP6, National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration has three latest version of models to participate in the project through model development in recent years. The models include an Earth system model BCC-ESM1.0 with aerosol and chemistry module, a middle-resolution climate system model BCC-CSM2-MR, and a high-resolution climate model BCC-CSM2-HR. In addition to the DECK and Historical simulations of CMIP6, these models will participate in 10 Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) of CMIP6. This paper gives a basic description of these models and their participation in CMIP6, as well as a simple evaluation of Historical simulation by BCC-CSM2-MR, which provide references for users of the experimental data.

Keywords：

National Climate Center (BCC)

;

BCC-CSM

;

BCC-ESM

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CMIP6

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Climate system model (CSM)

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Earth system model (ESM)

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辛晓歌, 吴统文, 张洁, 张芳, 李伟平, 张艳武, 路屹雄, 房永杰, 颉卫华, 张莉, 董敏, 史学丽, 李江龙, 储敏, 刘茜霞, 颜京辉. BCC模式及其开展的CMIP6试验介绍. 气候变化研究进展[J], 2019, 15(5): 533-539 doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2019.039

XIN Xiao-Ge, WU Tong-Wen, ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Fang, LI Wei-Ping, ZHANG Yan-Wu, LU Yi-Xiong, FANG Yong-Jie, JIE Wei-Hua, ZHANG Li, DONG Min, SHI Xue-Li, LI Jiang-Long, CHU Min, LIU Qian-Xia, YAN Jing-Hui. Introduction of BCC models and its participation in CMIP6. Advances in Climate Change Research[J], 2019, 15(5): 533-539 doi:10.12006/j.issn.1673-1719.2019.039

引 言

世界气候研究计划（WCRP）已经成功组织了5次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP),参加CMIP的模式数目由10个（CMIP1）增加到40多个（CMIP5),参与该计划的中国模式由最初的1个增加到5个[1]。CMIP计划的气候模拟和预估结果为理解过去气候变化规律、未来气候变化预估以及气候影响等方面提供了重要参考依据,是历次IPCC科学评估报告的重要组成部分。同时,多模式之间的比较和评估也大力推动了模式的进一步发展。

国家气候中心提供了两个不同分辨率的模式BCC-CSM1.1（T42）和BCC-CSM1.1m（T106）参与CMIP5试验计划[2],数据结果得到国内外学者的大量分析和使用。基于已有评估以及国际全球模式的发展趋势,国家气候中心致力于研发新的模式版本,包括地球系统模式和高分辨率气候系统模式,并进一步完善和改进模式的物理过程,以提高模式的模拟能力。在CMIP6计划组织实施后,逐步定版了3个不同的模式版本,于2018年正式开展CMIP6计划中的试验。

1 BCC新版本模式简介

近几年,国家（北京）气候中心（BCC）在模式发展方面取得了重要进展,发展的新版本模式包括地球系统模式BCC-ESM1.0、中等分辨率气候系统模式BCC-CSM2-MR和高分辨率气候系统模式BCC-CSM2-HR（表1),这3个模式均包含大气、陆面、海洋和海冰4个模式分量,3个模式的分量之间既有相同之处,也有不同之处。

Table 1

表1

表1  

参与CMIP6试验的BCC模式版本

Table 1  BCC model versions participated in CMIP6

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BCC-ESM1.0和BCC-CSM2-MR模式中的海洋模式和海冰模式是相同的,分别为美国流体力学实验室（GFDL）发展的MOM4-L40[3]和SIS[4]。海洋和海冰模式均采用三极网格gx1v1,在热带区域分辨率为0.3°,从热带到极地分辨率逐渐递增到1°。BCC-CSM2-HR的海洋和海冰模式为MOM5-L50和SIS,分辨率为0.25°。

3个模式中的陆面分量均为BCC-AVIM2,所不同的是分辨率分别为T42（~280 km)、T106（~110 km）和T266（~45 km)。BCC-AVIM2是基于早期版本BCC-CSM1.1中的陆面分量BCC-AVIM1发展而来的,改进的方面包括依赖于土壤质地和土壤含水量的土壤冻融临界温度方案,区别对待积雪季节不同阶段老化效应的积雪反照率方案,太阳辐射穿透植被冠层的四流近似方案,在植被生长模块增加水稻田方案,引入加拿大陆地生态模型CTEM中的物候方案[5]以替换固定日期的经验性物候方案。对陆面模式BCC-AVIM2方案的介绍详见Li等[6]。

BCC-ESM1.0、BCC-CSM2-MR和BCC-CSM2-HR模式区别最大的是大气模式分量。地球系统模式BCC-ESM1.0中的大气模式分量为BCC-AGCM3-Chem,该模式是在BCC-CSM1.1模式的大气分量BCC-AGCM2.1[7]的基础上发展而来,水平分辨率为T42（~280 km),垂直方向为26层,模式层顶为2.917 hPa。在原大气模式中加入了大气化学模块以及气溶胶过程,该化学模块是基于大气化学模式MOZART2[8]发展而来,能够处理66种气相化学物种诊断量。其中,除CO2、DMS（二甲基硫）及SO2外的63种气相化学物种诊断量与MOZART2一致。BCC-AGCM3-Chem中考虑了13种气溶胶物种诊断量,包括4类海盐（SSLT01、SSLT02、SSLT03、SSLT04)、4类沙尘（DST01、DST02、DST03、DST04)、2种有机碳气溶胶（疏水有机碳气溶胶OC1、亲水有机碳气溶胶OC2)、2种黑碳气溶胶（疏水黑碳气溶胶 BC1、亲水黑碳气溶胶BC2）和硫酸盐气溶胶。

BCC-CSM2-MR的大气模式分量为BCC-AGCM3-MR,水平分辨率为T106,垂直分层提高到46层,模式层顶为1.459 hPa。垂直分层的提高有利于改进模式对平流层大气的模拟,相对于CMIP5大气模式版本BCC-AGCM2.1,BCC-AGCM3-MR对大气辐射、深对流过程和重力波方案进行了改进,引入了气溶胶间接效应[9]。需要注意的是,BCC-ESM1.0和BCC-CSM2-MR模式大气分量的物理过程方案是相同的,但针对不同的大气模式分辨率,我们对物理过程中的不确定性敏感参数进行参数优选,从而设定了不同的参数值,目的是使模式能够更加合理地再现气候分布特征。

BCC-CSM2-HR的大气模式分量为BCC-AGCM3-HR,大气模式水平分辨率达到45 km,垂直分层提高到56层,模式层顶达到0.1 hPa。模式使用的大气物理过程方案有了进一步的改进,该模式由于在大气和陆面具有更高的分辨率,对地形的描述更加细致,因此对地形降水、局地气温分布具有更好的模拟效果。

Wu等[9]详细介绍了BCC-CSM2-MR模式的各个模式分量及其与早期版本BCC-CSM1.1m模式的不同,并对模式试验结果进行了较为全面的评估。我们还将另文对地球系统模式BCC-ESM1.0和高分辨率模式BCC-CSM2-HR进行详细介绍和评估。

2 BCC模式开展的CMIP6试验内容

为了更好地解决与气候变化相关的重大科学问题,CMIP6重新设计了耦合模式比较计划的整体结构,试验内容包括气候诊断、评估和描述试验（DECK)、历史气候模拟试验（Historical）以及23个模式比较子计划（MIPs）[10]。其中DECK试验和Historical试验是每一个模式组必须完成的核心模拟试验,只有完成了这两个试验的模式,才会被认定参与了CMIP6。

表2为BCC模式开展的CMIP6试验列表。地球系统模式BCC-ESM1.0和中等分辨率气候系统模式BCC-CSM2-MR均参与开展并完成了DECK和Historical试验。DECK试验包括(1)由观测海平面温度和海冰驱动的大气模式比较计划试验（AMIP),积分时间为1979—2014年;(2)工业革命前参照试验（piControl),积分时间为500 a;(3) CO2敏感度试验1pctCO2（CO2浓度逐年增加1%）和abrupt-4xCO2（4倍CO2突增试验),两个试验的积分时间均为150 a。Historical试验开展的时间为1850—2014年,样本数为3个。已经开展完成这些试验,评估结果表明,BCC-CSM2-MR模式对全球温度和降水气候分布、大气辐射和海洋热收支、全球温度变化、东亚降水季节移动等相对于早期版本BCC-CSM1.1m都有了一定的改进[9]。

Table 2

表2

表2  

BCC模式参与的CMIP6的试验

Table 2  CMIP6 experiments carried out with BCC models

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CMIP6的其他模拟比较计划均包含一系列试验,根据试验的重要性分为3个等级Tier-1、Tier-2和Tier-3,这些子计划都有相应的试验设计描述。BCC的地球系统模式BCC-ESM1.0参与开展CMIP6的气溶胶和化学模式比较计划（AerChemMIP),高分辨率气候系统模式BCC-CSM2-HR参与开展高分辨率模式比较计划（HighResMIP)。中等分辨率气候系统模式BCC-CSM2-MR参与了8个子计划,包括检测归因模式比较计划（DAMIP),云反馈模式比较计划（CFMIP),全球季风模式比较计划（GMMIP),耦合气候碳循环比较计划（C4MIP),陆面、雪和土壤湿度模式比较计划（LS3MIP),土地利用模式比较计划（LUMIP),年代际气候预测计划（DCPP),和情景模式比较计划（ScenarioMIP)。鉴于试验量较大,将主要开展这些子计划中的Tier-1试验,具体试验名称见表2。其中,AerChemMIP、DAMIP、CFMIP、GMMIP、C4MIP、ScenarioMIP、LS3MIP和LUMIP已经完成试验数据后处理并发布。HighResMIP的高分辨率模式试验运行较慢,DCPP试验积分量达到6000 a,这两个子计划预计完成时间为2020年3月。

3 BCC模式使用的强迫场数据

CMIP6试验计划除了试验内容的大规模调整,所使用的外强迫场数据也有较大的变化,具体见表3。CMIP6的温室气体[11]和太阳辐照度[12]资料均提供了逐月数据,温室气体资料既有全球平均值,也有间隔15°的纬度-时间场数据。BCC模式的外强迫场均采用了随纬度变化的月平均温室气体数据,而在CMIP5试验中,温室气体资料为全球年平均值。需要注意的是,CMIP6使用的太阳辐照度资料比CMIP5使用的资料平均低5 W/m2。CMIP6的臭氧强迫数据由雷丁大学提供①,相对于CMIP5数据在垂直高度上更密,垂直层次由24层增加到66层。火山气溶胶数据由CMIP5的质量通量数据更改为CMIP6的数浓度、光学数据,垂直层次为70层,垂直扩展高度为39.5 km。CMIP5使用的对流层气溶胶数据是质量混合比,而CMIP6提供的是MACv2.0-SP气溶胶光学属性数据[13]。在CMIP5的历史试验模拟和未来情景试验中,土地利用是固定不变的,而在CMIP6的历史试验中,土地利用是逐年变化的,强迫数据由CMIP6提供。

Table 3

表3

表3  

BCC模式CMIP5和CMIP6试验分别使用的强迫场资料

Table 3  External forcing data used in CMIP5 and CMIP6 by BCC models

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以上CMIP6新提供的温室气体、太阳辐照度、臭氧、火山气溶胶、土地利用、气溶胶光学属性强迫场数据均在BCC-CSM2-MR和BCC-CSM2-HR模式参与的CMIP6试验中得到了使用。BCC-CSM2-MR模式开展的C4MIP试验中,不使用CO2浓度作为强迫,而是采用CMIP6提供的碳排放作为驱动场,模式通过碳循环过程对CO2浓度进行模拟。地球系统模式BCC-ESM1.0不使用MACv2.0-SP气溶胶光学属性数据作为强迫,而是使用CMIP6提供的化学反应气体及气溶胶排放数据,其他强迫场包括温室气体、太阳辐照度、臭氧、火山气溶胶和土地利用都与BCC-CSM2-MR模式相同。

4 BCC-CSM2-MR模式历史试验评估

对过去一百多年全球平均温度的再现能力是衡量模式模拟能力的一个重要标准。图1给出了BCC-CSM2-MR模式CMIP6历史试验以及早期版本BCC-CSM1.1m模式CMIP5历史试验模拟的全球平均温度异常。这里,两个模式结果均采用3个不同初值样本的集合平均。可以看出,BCC-CSM2-MR模式对过去历史气温的演变比BCC-CSM1.1m模式具有更好的模拟能力。在1850—2005年期间,BCC-CSM2-MR模拟与观测的相关系数达到0.86,高于BCC-CSM1.1m模式与观测的相关系数0.84。BCC-CSM2-MR模式除了对1900—1940年的缓慢升温和1960—2000年的快速升温有很好的再现能力外,对1850—1900年全球温度的异常以及21世纪初的全球增暖减缓现象也具有较好的模拟能力,不过,BCC-CSM2-MR模拟的升温幅度在21世纪初仍然比观测偏高。

图1

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图1  

BCC-CSM2-MR和BCC-CSM1.1m模拟以及观测（HadCRUT4）的1850—2014年全球平均地表气温相对于1961—1990年均值的异常

Fig. 1  

Time series of the global mean surface air temperature anomalies from 1850 to 2014 relative to the mean value during 1961-1990 in simulations by BCC-CSM2-MR and BCC-CSM1.1m, and in the observation (HadCRUT4)

BCC-CSM2-MR模式能否合理模拟中国降水的分布关系到其在中国气候变化及预估、预测方面的应用前景。图2给出了BCC-CSM2-MR和BCC-CSM1.1m模式模拟及观测的1980—2005年气候平均降水分布。观测的降水资料来自由站点资料格点化的CN05.1数据[14],为了与模式进行对比,将其插值到模式网格。可以看出,BCC-CSM2-MR模式模拟的中国东南部降水量相对于早期版本BCC-CSM1.1m模式增加1~2 mm/d,更加接近于观测,但模拟的东南沿海的降水仍比观测偏弱。在全国范围内,BCC-CSM2-MR模拟的降水分布与观测的空间相关系数为0.73,高于BCC-CSM1.1m模式（0.54)。由此可知,BCC-CSM2-MR模式对中国降水分布的模拟能力有了明显提高。该模式在辐射收支、海温、海冰、平流层准两年振荡（QBO)、大西洋经向翻转环流（AMOC）和热带季节内振荡（MJO）等方面的模拟能力相对于BCC-CSM1.1m模式也有明显的提高[9]。

图2

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图2  

BCC-CSM2-MR和BCC-CSM1.1m模拟以及观测（CN05.1）的中国年平均降水气候（1980—2005年）平均分布

Fig. 2  

Distributions of annual mean precipitation climatology (1980-2005) in simulations by BCC-CSM2-MR, BCC-CSM1.1m, and in the observation (CN05.1)

5 结 语

国家气候中心共有3个最新发展的模式参与CMIP6计划,包括地球系统模式BCC-ESM1.0、中等分辨率气候系统模式BCC-CSM2-MR和高分辨率气候系统模式BCC-CSM2-HR,文中简要介绍了这3个模式版本的共同点和区别。

除了必须开展的DECK和Historical试验,这3个模式共参与了10个比较子计划,BCC-ESM1.0参与AerChemMIP,BCC-CSM2-HR参与HighResMIP,BCC-CSM2-MR参与8个比较子计划,包括DAMIP、CFMIP、GMMIP、C4MIP、DCPP、ScenarioMIP、LS3MIP和LUMIP。BCC-CSM-MR模式已经开展完成DECK试验、Historical试验和7个模式比较子计划,对Historical试验进行评估表明,该模式对过去一百多年历史全球气温演变以及中国年平均降水气候分布的模拟,相对其早期版本BCC-CSM1.1m模式都有明显提高。目前,除了DCPP和HighResMIP试验正在开展外,其他子计划的试验数据已经发布在ESGF数据发布平台②。

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